Critical raw materials: the EV industry's dependency
Critical raw materials (CRMs) are materials of high economic importance and high supply risk, such as lithium, cobalt, natural graphite and rare earth elements.
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Knowledge Hub
The concepts behind circular electric mobility (digital passports, battery health, modularity and critical raw materials), explained clearly by the RELiVE project team.
EV battery recycling and second life
When an EV battery no longer meets automotive requirements (typically below 70 to 80% state of health), it can be reused in less demanding vehicles, repurposed for stationary energy storage, or recycled to recover materials such as lithium, nickel and cobalt.
Read the articleHow long do EV batteries last?
Most modern EV batteries last 15 to 20 years or 1,500 to 2,000 full charge cycles, typically 200,000 to 500,000 km, before falling below 70 to 80% of their original capacity.
Read the articleInside the electric powertrain
An electric powertrain is the set of components that converts stored electrical energy into motion: the battery pack, the power electronics (inverter, converter, charger), the electric motor and the transmission.
Read the articleRecycling and reusing rare earth magnets
Rare earth permanent magnets, mostly neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB), provide the high power density of most EV traction motors.
Read the articleThe digital battery passport, explained
The digital battery passport is an electronic record required by the EU Battery Regulation (2023/1542) for every EV, light means of transport (LMT) and industrial battery above 2 kWh placed on the EU market from 18 February 2027.
Read the articleWhat is a modular battery pack?
A modular battery pack is a battery built from independent, individually replaceable modules rather than a single sealed unit.
Read the articleWhat is battery State of Health (SoH)?
State of Health (SoH) is the ratio between a battery's current usable capacity and its capacity when new, expressed as a percentage.
Read the articleWhat is the Digital Product Passport?
A Digital Product Passport (DPP) is a structured digital record that accompanies a product throughout its lifecycle, giving access to data on its origin, composition, repair and recycling options.
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